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PDF417 is a stacked linear barcode format used in a variety of applications such as transport, identification cards, and inventory management. 'PDF' stands for Portable Data File. The '417' signifies that each pattern in the code consists of 4 bars and spaces in a pattern that is 17 units (modules) long. The PDF417 symbology was invented by Ynjiun P. Wang at Symbol Technologies in 1991. (Wang 1993) It is ISO standard 15438.

• 3Format

Applications[edit]

PDF417 is used in many applications by both commercial and government organizations. PDF417 is one of the formats (along with Data Matrix) that can be used to print postage accepted by the United States Postal Service. PDF417 is also used by the airline industry's Bar Coded Boarding Pass (BCBP) standard as the 2D bar code symbolism for paper boarding passes. PDF417 is the standard selected by the Department of Homeland Security as the machine readable zone technology for RealID compliant driver licenses and state issued identification cards. PDF417 barcodes are also included on visas and border crossing cards issued by the State of Israel (example).

Features[edit]

In addition to features typical of two dimensional bar codes, PDF417's capabilities include:

• Linking. PDF417 symbols can link to other symbols which are scanned in sequence allowing even more data to be stored.
• User-specified dimensions. The user can decide how wide the narrowest vertical bar (X dimension) is, and how tall the rows are (Y dimension).
• Public domain format. Anyone can implement systems using this format without any license.^[1]

The introduction of the ISO/IEC document states:^[1]

Manufacturers of bar code equipment and users of bar code technology require publicly available standard symbology specifications to which they can refer when developing equipment and application standards. It is the intent and understanding of ISO/IEC that the symbology presented in this International Standard is entirely in the public domain and free of all user restrictions, licences and fees.

Format[edit]

The PDF417 bar code (also called a symbol) consists of 3 to 90 rows, each of which is like a small linear bar code. Each row has:

• a quiet zone. This is a mandated minimum amount of white space before the bar code begins.
• a start pattern which identifies the format as PDF417.
• a 'row left' codeword containing information about the row (such as the row number and error correction level)
• 1-30 data codewords: Codewords are a group of bars and spaces representing one or more numbers, letters, or other symbols.
• a 'row right' codeword with more information about the row.
• a stop pattern.
• another quiet zone.

All rows are the same width; each row has the same number of codewords.

Codewords[edit]

PDF417 uses a base 929 encoding. Each codeword represents a number from 0 to 928.

The codewords are represented by patterns of dark (bar) and light (space) regions. Each of these patterns contains four bars and four spaces (where the 4 in the name comes from). The total width is 17 times the width of the narrowest allowed vertical bar (the X dimension); this is where the 17 in the name comes from. Each pattern starts with a bar and ends with a space.

The row height must be at least 3 times the minimum width: Y ≥ 3 X.^[2]

There are three distinct bar–space patterns used to represent each codeword. These patterns are organized into three groups known as clusters. The clusters are labeled 0, 3, and 6. No bar–space pattern is used in more than one cluster. The rows of the symbol cycle through the three clusters, so row 1 uses patterns from cluster 0, row 2 uses cluster 3, row 3 uses cluster 6, and row 4 again uses cluster 0.

Which cluster can be determined by an equation:^[3]

${\displaystyle K=b_1-b_2+b_3-b_4+9(\mathrm{mod}9)}$

Where K is the cluster number and the b_i refer to the width of the i-th black bar in the symbol character (in X units).

Alternatively,^[4]

${\displaystyle K=E_1-E_2+E_5-E_6+9(\mathrm{mod}9)}$

Where E_i is the i-th edge-to-next-same-edge distance. Odd indices are the leading edge of a bar to the leading edge of the next bar; even indices are for the trailing edges.

One purpose of the three clusters is to determine which row (mod 3) the codeword is in. The clusters allow portions of the symbol to be read using a single scan line that may be skewed from the horizontal.^[5] For instance, the scan might start on row 6 at the start of the row but end on row 10. At the beginning of the scan, the scanner sees the constant start pattern, and then it sees symbols in cluster 6. When the skewed scan straddles rows 6 and 7, then the scanner sees noise. When the scan is on row 7, the scanner sees symbols in cluster 0. Consequently, the scanner knows the direction of the skew. By the time the scanner reaches the right, it is on row 10, so it sees cluster 0 patterns. The scanner will also see a constant stop pattern.

Encoding[edit]

Of the 929 available code words, 900 are used for data, and 29 for special functions, such as shifting between major modes. The three major modes encode different types of data in different ways, and can be mixed as necessary within a single bar code:

• Byte: each group of 5 code words represents 6 bytes. (Because 900⁵ > 256⁶.) Additional bytes are encoded one per code word.
• Numeric: n digits are encoded in ⌊n/3⌋+1 code words, up to a maximum of 44 digits in 15 code words.
• Text: Each code word represents two base-30 digits, which are used by a system of four submodes to represent the printable ASCII characters (plus CR, LF and HT):
  • Uppercase: A–Z, SP, Change to lowercase, Change to mixed, Interpret next digit as punctuation
  • Lowercase: a–z, SP, Interpret next digit as uppercase, Change to mixed, Interpret next digit as punctuation
  • Mixed: 0–9, &, CR, HT, comma, :, #, -, period, $, /, +, %, *, =, ^, Change to punctuation, SP, Change to lowercase, Change to uppercase, Interpret next digit as punctuation
  • Punctuation: ;, <, >, @, [, , ], _, `, ~, !, CR, HT, comma, :, LF, -, period, $, /, ', |, *, (, ), ?, {, }, ', Change to uppercase

Error correction[edit]

When the PDF417 symbol is created, from 2 to 512 error detection and correction codewords are added. PDF417 uses Reed–Solomon error correction. When the symbol is scanned, the maximum number of corrections that can be made is equal to the number of codewords added, but the standard recommends that two codewords be held back to ensure reliability of the corrected information.

Comparison with other symbologies[edit]

PDF417 is a stacked barcode that can be read with a simple linear scan being swept over the symbol.^[6] Those linear scans need the left and right columns with the start and stop code words. Additionally, the scan needs to know what row it is scanning, so each row of the symbol must also encode its row number. Furthermore, the reader's line scan won't scan just a row; it will typically start scanning one row, but then cross over to a neighbor and possibly continuing on to cross successive rows. In order to minimize the effect of these crossings, the PDF417 modules are tall and narrow — the height is typically three times the width. Also, each code word must indicate which row it belongs to so crossovers, when they occur, can be detected. The code words are also designed to be delta-decodable, so some code words are redundant. Each PDF data code word represents about 10 bits of information (log₂(900) ≈ 9.8), but the printed code word (character) is 17 modules wide. Including a height of 3 modules, a PDF417 code word takes 51 square modules to represent 10 bits. That area does not count other overhead such as the start, stop, row, format, and ECC information.

Other 2D codes, such as DataMatrix and QR, are decoded with image sensors instead of uncoordinated linear scans. Those codes still need recognition and alignment patterns, but they do not need to be as prominent. An 8 bit code word will take 8 square modules (ignoring recognition, alignment, format, and ECC information).

In practice, a PDF417 symbol takes about four times the area of a DataMatrix or QR Code.^[7]

References[edit]

1. ^ ^abhttp://www.iso.org/iso/fr/home/store/catalogue_tc/catalogue_detail.htm?csnumber=43816
2. ^ISO/IEC 2006, p. 28, 5.8.2.
3. ^ISO/IEC 2006, p. 9, 5.3.1.
4. ^ISO/IEC 2006, pp. 76–78
5. ^ISO/IEC 2006, 5.11.1.
6. ^For example, the Symbol Technologies LS-4000 series.
7. ^Using Barcodes in Documents – Best Practices(PDF), Tampa, FL: Accusoft, 2007, archived from the original(PDF) on May 24, 2012, retrieved May 9, 2012Cite uses deprecated parameter |deadurl= (help)

• ISO/IEC (2006), Information technology – Automatic identification and data capture techniques – PDF417 bar code symbology specification(PDF) (second ed.), ISO/IEC 15438:2006(E)
• US 5243655, Wang, Ynjiun P., 'System for Encoding and Decoding Data in Machine Readable Graphic Form', issued September 7, 1993. PDF417 patent.

External links[edit]

• Free font, Windows encoder and detailed explanation

Pdf 147 Barcode Generator

The PDF417 barcode is a two-dimensional (2D), high-density symbology capable of encoding text, numbers, files and actual data bytes. This FAQ provides information and answers to commonly asked questions.

• PDF417 Overview
• Generating and Printing PDF417 Barcodes
• Macro-PDF417

PDF417 Barcode Overview

Large amounts of text and data can be stored securely and inexpensively when using the PDF417 barcode symbology. The printed symbol consists of several linear rows of stacked codewords. Each codeword represents 1 of 929 possible values from one of three different clusters. A different cluster is chosen for each row, repeating after every three rows. Because the codewords in each cluster are unique, the scanner is able to determine what line each cluster is from.

PDF417 Error Correction Levels

PDF417 uses Reed Solomon error correction instead of check digits. This error correction allows the symbol to endure some damage without causing loss of data. AIM standards recommend a minimum error correction level of 2. The error correction level depends on the amount of data that needs to be encoded, the size and the amount of symbol damage that could occur. The error correction levels range from 0 to 8. The chart below indicates the number of error correction codewords that are added to the printed symbol and AIM recommendations for the EC level.

Fig. 1: AIM recommended EC levels

X and Y Dimensions

• The X dimension is the width of the narrowest bar in a printed codeword. The Y dimension is the height of each row within the PDF417 symbol. The PDF417 barcode is usually printed at an X to Y ratio of 1:2 to 1:5, with 1:3 being the most popular. By lowering the ratio, a significant amount of space can be saved; however, some scanners cannot read X to Y ratios of less than 1:3. Most scanners, such as the IDAutomation PDF417 2D USB Scanner, read PDF417 barcodes well at 1:3. When creating symbols with more than 10 columns, IDAutomation recommends using a ratio of 1:4 or 1:5.

Row and Column Limits

• The number of rows and columns can be selected, allowing the symbol to be created in various forms. However, the PDF417 barcode symbol is limited to 30 columns and 90 rows. Keep in mind when selecting columns, only the number of data columns in the symbol are being selected. The normal PDF417 barcode symbol has two row start columns and two row stop columns. Truncated PDF417 contains only two row start columns. Some scanners and decoders cannot dependably read over 20 columns.

Truncated PDF417

• A truncated PDF417 symbol uses less area than the normal PDF417 barcode. By selecting this option, the right hand side of the symbol is removed or truncated. This option should be used primarily in a clean environment, since it is more susceptible to damage.

Generating and Printing

The IDAutomation PDF417 Barcode Font and Encoder is a collection of encoders and components that generate PDF417 symbols as graphics or as a font. All of our PDF417 products were created from ISO/IEC 15438. IDAutomation also offers new patent-pending Native Barcode Generators for JavaScript, Crystal Reports and Microsoft Access that create PDF417 without any plug-ins or fonts. Barcode Integration Guides are also available that offer one or more integration options. These options may be examined to determine the best implementation method. A few of the guides offered include the following:

Measuring X & Y Dimensions of a Printed Barcode

Barcode products generate images according to the pixels of the target device thereby creating an image difference. Consequently, it may be necessary to check the X or Y dimensions. Images and symbol sizes may differ slightly with various screen resolutions and printers.

To find the printed Y dimension

• Print a PDF417 barcode symbol with exactly 10 rows.
• To obtain 10 rows, choose 5 columns, an error correction of 2 and print the text of “IDAutomation.com, Inc. PDF417 ActiveX Control” with binary encoding.
• Measure the distance from the top of the symbol to the bottom and divide by 10.
• Example: if 10 rows measured .425 inches, then .425″ divided by 10 equals .0425″, giving a Y dimension of 42 mils per row.

To find the printed X dimension

• Measure 6 or more columns, but do not include the start and stop columns in the measurement, divide this number by the number of columns measured, then by 17. The result is the X dimension.
• Example: if 6 columns measure .875″, divide .875″ by 6, which equals .14583″ per column. Because the X dimension width of each column is 17, take the .14583″ and divide it by 17, which equals .00857″, which is about 8 mils.

Compaction Modes & Amount of Data Encoded

It is recommended to limit the amount of data in each 2D barcode symbol to 800 characters or less, using 20 columns or less. Although the specification states that “up to 1100 bytes or 1800 ASCII characters can be encoded in a PDF417 symbol,” it is not usually achievable. The amount of data that can be encoded will vary depending upon the type of data, the compaction type, the error correction level chosen and the limitation of the scanner being used. For example, in text compaction mode, the amount of compaction varies due to mode switching between different types of characters, such as between numbers, upper case, lower case and punctuation. In addition, many PDF417 CCD scanners do not reliably read more than 800 to 850 characters and some scanners have limits of only 300 characters.

If it is necessary to encode more than 800 characters, IDAutomation recommends using Macro PDF mode or multiple separate symbols. In the best-case scenario, using the text encoding mode of the IDAutomation PDF417 Forms Control with the IDAutomation 2D Barcode Scanner, up to 1200 characters were successfully encoded and retrieved.

Each codeword represents 1 of 929 possible values, which allows data to be compacted into the codewords to save space. PDF417 has three data compaction modes: binary, text and numeric. Binary compaction encodes actual bytes of data; text mode encodes most characters on the U.S. keyboard (ASCII 32-126) including ASCII 9 (the tab function) and ASCII 13 (the return function). Numeric compaction encodes only numbers, is rarely used and not available in all products due to calculation limitations. The chart below provides more detail about these modes.

To encode the most amount of data into the smallest possible symbol:

The amount of data compaction will vary depending upon the type of data that is being encoded and the error correction level chosen. If the scanner supports it, smaller symbols may be obtained by performing any of the following:

1. Use TEXT compaction mode.
2. Decrease the error correction level to 2.
3. Increase the number of columns to the largest possible size.
4. Decrease the X dimension to the smallest possible size the scanner will read.
5. Turn on truncation, which decreases the symbol size by two columns.
6. Choose an X to Y ratio of 1:3.

Encoding Functions (such as Tabs and Returns)

PDF417 allows ASCII functions to be easily encoded for various operations such as encoding tabs and returns. Normally, these characters are not visible unless an application is used such as IDAutomation’s Barcode Scanner ASCII String Decoder, which displays these hidden functions as tags. In all IDAutomation products, the tilde (~) may be used to encode ASCII functions. For example; ~009 is used to encode a tab and ~013 encodes a return. In many development environments, Chr or Char may also be used to encode the ASCII value directly. For example, the programming examples below encode “PDF” <tab> 417:

Java: DataToEncode= “PDF” + (char)9 + “417”;
Visual Basic & VBA: DataToEncode= “PDF” & ChrW(9) & “417”
Crystal Reports VB & SSRS: DataToEncode= “PDF” & Chr(9) & “417”

Encoding Data for FedEx® applications:

FedEx uses a combination of Code 128 and PDF417 barcodes on packing slips to automate delivery and tracking. FedEx publishes a FedEx Ground Multicode Barcode Label Guide and a Barcode and Label Layout Specification Guide that should always be examined when implementing FedEx label applications.

The following is a summary of the PDF417 barcode requirements for FEDEX label printing:

1. The PDF Security Level or Error Correction Level must be set to 5.
2. The X dimension must be 10mils (.010″ or .0254 CM) with an X to Y ratio (or N Dimension) of 5. To achieve this with the PDF417 Font and Encoder, print with IDAutomation2D N5 or the IDAutomationPDF417n5 font at 12 points.
3. The number of columns should be set to 10.
4. The entire message should not exceed 350 characters.
5. The quality of the symbol must be ANSI grade “A”. The IDAutomation 2D Barcode Scanner’s Print Quality Assessment may be used as a guide for this requirement.
6. The data encoded must begin with: [)>RS01GS where RS is ASCII 30 and GS is ASCII 29. In IDAutomation products, if ApplyTilde if set to “True” or “1,” the format ~ddd is used to specify the ASCII code of the character to be encoded. These characters cannot be viewed or printed and therefore it may not appear to be present, unless an application is used such as IDAutomation’s Barcode Scanner ASCII String Decoder.

NOTE: The code supplied below is an example and not a complete solution. More information about structuring messages to meet FedEx label specifications may be found at FedEx’s website.

Java Example:

Visual Basic Example:

Tilde Processing of Control Characters

IDAutomation PDF417 barcode products all support the format ~ddd to specify the ASCII code of the character to be encoded, which allows easy encoding of GS, RS and EOT from the command line.

For example, the following string:

“[)>”+RS+ “01”+GS+ “0133626”+GS+ “840”+GS+”002″+GS…

May also be encoded with this string:

[)>~03001~02996336260000~029840~029002~029….

Before implementing the printed PDF417 barcodes for FedEx applications, it is recommended to verify the symbol with the Print Quality Assessment test of the IDAutomation 2D Barcode Scanner or another suitable verifier. Additionally, the 2D Scanner together with the Free Barcode Scanner ASCII String Decoder may be used to view the non-printable RS, GS and EOT lower ASCII functions, which will appear as tags. To perform the test, simply open the Barcode Scanner ASCII String Decoder and scan a MaxiCode symbol with the Image Reader.

Encoding International & Extended Characters

It is possible to scan and encode international and extended characters, provided the instructions below are followed:

1. Encode the data using binary encoding. This option encodes all data, byte-by-byte.
2. Scan the data with a scanner capable of reading and decoding binary data. With some scanners, this is only possible via the serial interface option with data bits set to 8N. Normally, keyboard wedges and USB scanners do not support extended characters above ASCII 128, and only scan characters that are actually on the keyboard. Contact the scanner vendor for more information; some of the scanner’s internal settings may have to be modified.

Reading PDF417 Barcodes

The most common method of reading barcodes is with a PDF Capable Barcode Scanner such as the IDAutomation 2D Barcode Scanner with PQA, which reliably reads the IDAutomation PDF417 Font when printed as small as 3 points, which is an X-dimension of only 5 mils. Most of the hand-held barcode imagers recommended by IDAutomation perform keyboard emulation and receive power from the USB port, so that no external power supply is needed. When a barcode symbol is read using keyboard emulation, the data appears at the cursor as if it had been typed in from the keyboard. In some cases, it may be desired to have the scanner trigger a form or action in an application. IDAutomation has documented easy methods of accomplishing this in the USB Barcode Scanner Application Integration Guide.

Verifying PDF417 Barcodes

Printed symbols may be easily verified with the Print Quality Assessment test found in the IDAutomation 2D Barcode Scanner. The quality assurance test will grade the symbol and report the X dimension, Y dimension and any possible problems. The report below was generated when scanning the PDF symbol to the right with PQA enabled:

MacroPDF417 Barcodes

Barcode Fonts For Excel

MacroPDF417 is an implementation of PDF417 capable of encoding very large amounts of data into multiple PDF417 barcodes. These multiple barcodes are then scanned by a MacroPDF enabled scanner, which reassembles them into one string of data. Each MacroPDF barcode segment shares a file ID with the other segments, which make up the entire barcode sequence. If the file ID is not the same, the scanner will assume that each of the segments belong to a different barcode sequence. In order for the scanner to reassemble the barcode in the correct order, each segment of the barcode must have a unique segment index, starting at zero. This unique segment index allows the scanner to know how to reassemble the barcode segments, and allows reading symbols in non-sequential order.

2D products that generate MacroPDF417 symbols:

• .NET Windows Forms Controls– used to create and print barcodes from local .NET applications.
• ASP.NET Server Control – Custom Server Control designed to be used in ASP.NET Web Applications
• ActiveX Barcode Control & DLL – this is the best product to use for Microsoft® Access reports and Visual Basic 6. It may also be used in C++.
• Barcode Image Generator – generates images one at a time or from the command prompt.
• Java Barcode Packages– these packages include JavaBeans, Servlets, Class Libraries & Applets that may be used on any operating system with a Java Virtual Machine including Linux, UNIX and Mac.
• Streaming Barcode Server for IIS – adds barcode streaming generation capability to Microsoft Internet Information Server.

Macro PDF417 Example

Macro PDF417 Properties

• Macro PDF Enable – A Boolean indicating that this barcode is part of a MacroPDF417 sequence.
• Macro PDF File ID – Assigns a file ID to the MacroPDF barcode. Each barcode in the MacroPDF sequence must have the same file ID assigned to it. Default is 0; valid options are 0-899.
• Macro PDF Segment Index – The index number of this MacroPDF barcode in relation to the set. Default is 0; valid options are 0-99998; * each barcode in the MacroPDF sequence must have a unique segment index, starting at zero and incrementing thereafter by 1.
• Macro PDF Last Segment – A Boolean indicating that this is the final barcode in the MacroPDF sequence.

If assistance is needed, please contact IDAutomation.